معرفت فلسفی

The "substratum substance" theory is one of the theories proposed in the West regarding the structure of external objects. This theory posits that object is composed of a particular, bare, and featureless substance along with a set of properties. From their perspective, properties are all universal, and identifying them requires a bare particular. Moreover, the bare particular serves as the bearer of properties and the factor ensuring the persistence of an object through change. Similar to hyle (prime matter), the bare particular possesses no actuality of its own but merely carries actualities. Muslim philosophers have also presented their own perspectives on the structure of external objects. Using the method of comparison, explanation, and critique, this article argues that the arguments presented for proving the existence of bare particulars are insufficient. Furthermore, based on the principles of Sadrian philosophy, this theory can be critically examined and challenged.