Ma`rifat Falsafi

The author of the article has already analyzed Objective and verity propositions (القضایا الحقیقیة) within the framework of modern logic. In one of them, he uses modern modal logic for formalizing verity propositions, and in the second one, he uses the undefined predicate of existence for formulating objective propositions. The second article introduced some definitions for existence in identity logic and in second-order logic, but was unable to use such definitions in its analysis of the objective propositions. In this article, basic flaws in identity logic as well as second-order logic in the analysis of objective propositions are shown, and a weaker logic, called “the logic of the omission of identity” is suggested which is believed to be able to express objective propositions. Furthermore, a weaker logic, compared to the standard second-order logic, called “second-order logic of Henkin” is employed, and its ability to formulate objective propositions is demonstrated. It argues for the idea that logic of Henkin is congruent with primary intelligibles, while standard logic is harmonious with secondary intelligibles.